ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the extent to which exercise is associated with symptoms in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: We included subjects with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > 30 events/h who completed validated sleep and exercise questionnaires. We compared symptom frequency/scores between exercisers and nonexercisers, adjusting for the usual confounders. Results: The sample included 907 nonexercisers and 488 exercisers (mean age, 49 ± 14 years; mean AHI, 53 ± 20 events/h; 81% men). Nonexercisers and exercisers differed significantly in terms of obesity (72% vs. 54%), the mean proportion of sleep in non-rapid eye movement stage 3 sleep (9 ± 8% vs. 11 ± 6%), and tiredness (78% vs. 68%). Nonexercisers had a higher symptom frequency/scores and poorer sleep quality. Adjustment for exercise weakened the associations between individual symptoms and the AHI, indicating that exercise has a mitigating effect. In binary logistic models, exercise was associated with approximately 30% lower adjusted questionnaire1 score > 2, tiredness; poor-quality sleep, unrefreshing sleep, and negative mood on awakening. Although the odds of an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score > 10 were lower in exercisers, that association did not withstand adjustment for confounders. Conclusions: Exercise is associated with lower frequency/intensity of symptoms in patients with severe OSA. Because up to one third of patients with severe OSA might exercise regularly and therefore be mildly symptomatic, it is important not to rule out a diagnosis of OSA in such patients.
RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar até que ponto o exercício está associado a sintomas em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) grave. Métodos: Foram incluídos indivíduos com um índice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH) > 30 eventos/h que completaram questionários de sono e exercício validados. Comparamos a frequência/pontuação de sintomas entre praticantes e não praticantes de exercícios, ajustados para os fatores de confusão habituais. Resultados: A amostra incluiu 907 não praticantes e 488 praticantes (idade média de 49 ± 14 anos; IAH médio, 53±20 eventos/h; 81% homens). Não praticantes e praticantes diferiram significativamente em termos de obesidade (72% vs. 54%), proporção média de sono em estágio de sono 3 com non-rapid eye movement (9 ± 8% vs. 11 ± 6%) e cansaço (78% vs. 68%). Os não praticantes tiveram uma maior frequência/pontuação de sintomas e uma pior qualidade do sono. O ajuste para exercício enfraqueceu as associações entre sintomas individuais e o IAH, indicando que o exercício tem um efeito atenuante. Nos modelos logísticos binários, o exercício foi associado a uma redução de aproximadamente 30% no escore > 2 no questionário ajustado1 para cansaço; sono de má qualidade, sono não reparador e humor negativo ao despertar. Embora as chances de um escore >10 na Escala de Sonolência de Epworth ter sido menor nos praticantes, essa associação não resistiu ao ajuste para fatores de confusão. Conclusões: O exercício está associado a uma menor frequência/intensidade de sintomas em pacientes com AOS grave. Como até um terço dos pacientes com AOS grave pode se exercitar regularmente e, portanto, ser levemente sintomático, é importante não descartar um diagnóstico de AOS nesses pacientes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Sleep/physiology , Exercise/physiology , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/physiopathology , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/prevention & control , Exercise Therapy/methods , Reference Values , Body Mass Index , Logistic Models , Sex Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Age Factors , Polysomnography/methods , SleepinessABSTRACT
Introduction: Caffeinated drinks are used for improve performance. Animal models represent investigational strategy that circumvents most of the drawbacks of research in humans, including motivational factors and the placebo effect. No animal model that could test whether different forms of administering caffeine affect exercise propensity was found in the literature. Methods: An animal model of grouped voluntary exercise was tested. Two-month-old male C57/bl mice were housed in a cage fitted with one running wheel and a monitoring system. Six animals per cage were introduced individually. To assess the sensitivity of the model, the effect of different caffeinated drinks was observed in mice exercising ad libitum. During 2 days, the mice received: 1) pure anhydrous caffeine 0.125 mg/mL (PC), 2) cola drink (CC), and 3) caffeine-taurine-glucuronolactone drink (CTG), intercalating wash-out periods of 2 days, receiving pure water. Results: The distance run during the periods of water ingestion was significantly lower than during the periods of stimulant drinks ingestion: PC (5.6 ± 1.3 km; p = 0.02), of CC ingestion (7.6 ± 0.6 km; p = 0.001), and of CTG ingestion (8.3 ± 1.6 km; p = 0.009). The performances when ingesting the three caffeinated drinks do not follow a dose-response curve. Conclusions: The model described here was able to measure the effect of caffeine intake on voluntary exercise of mice. The sensitivity of the model to the effect of caffeine needs to be further validated. The action of each component of the drinks on exercise performance needs to be clarified in future research. The present model is adequate for such investigation (AU)